Do Taiwan passport holders need a visa to visit Canada?

Taiwan ordinary passport holders do NOT need a visa for short tourist visits to Canada, but must obtain an electronic Travel Authorization (eTA) before boarding a flight to Canada. The eTA costs CAD 7, is usually approved within minutes, and is valid up to 5 years. Canada is not in the Schengen area and runs its own eTA scheme. Since November 2010, holders of an ordinary Taiwan passport issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) that includes a personal identification number have been visa-exempt for visits to Canada. Since November 2016, all visa-exempt nationals flying to Canada must hold a valid eTA, electronically linked to the passport. The eTA is applied for online, costs CAD 7, is normally granted within minutes (a minority of cases take several days), and is valid for up to 5 years or until the passport expires, whichever comes first. A visa-exempt visitor is normally admitted for up to 6 months at the discretion of the border officer. The eTA applies to air travel only; entry by land or sea does not require an eTA but still requires a valid passport. No biometrics are required for an eTA tourist entry. Taiwan ID-card-only passports without a personal ID number are not eTA-eligible and would require a visitor visa instead.